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Encapsulation of Carbon Black by Miniemulsion Polymerization
Author(s) -
Tiarks Franca,
Landfester Katharina,
Antonietti Markus
Publication year - 2001
Publication title -
macromolecular chemistry and physics
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.57
H-Index - 112
eISSN - 1521-3935
pISSN - 1022-1352
DOI - 10.1002/1521-3935(20010101)202:1<51::aid-macp51>3.0.co;2-j
Subject(s) - miniemulsion , polymerization , monomer , polymer , polymer chemistry , chemical engineering , carbon black , precipitation polymerization , materials science , emulsion polymerization , chemistry , radical polymerization , composite material , natural rubber , engineering
Full Paper: In this paper the effective encapsulation of carbon black with polymers by co ‐sonication of a carbon black dispersion and a typical miniemulsion polymerization recipe is described. The carbon containing polymer particles are analyzed in detail by particle size measurements, transmission electron microscopy, density distributions experiments with the ultracentrifuge, and by nitrogen adsorption. The final particle size was in the range of 50 to 170 nm, the weight ratio polymer to carbon was changed between 20 : 80 and 90 : 10. In all cases, the surface tension of the final dispersion is above the minimal surface tension of SDS indicating the absence of micelles and the incomplete coverage of the polymer coated carbon particles with surfactant. The amount and type of an added hydrophobe needed for osmotic stabilization as well as the type of monomer have a large influence on the encapsulation process. The encapsulation process can be described by a scenario where the fusion/fission by ultrasound splits the monomer droplets, whereas the monomer coated carbon stays intact. The thickness of the monomer film depends on the amount of monomer and has to be optimized since there is an optimal range of monomer layer thickness in order to preserve the morphology. Too low amounts of monomer result in incompletely covered particles which aggregate with polymer whereas too much monomer results in the formation of a second species of pure polymer particles. The process can be described as a polymerization in an adsorbed monomer layer created and stabilized as a miniemulsion (“ad‐miniemulsion polymerization”).