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Testosterone intake and aggressiveness: Real effect or anticipation?
Author(s) -
Björkqvist Kaj,
Nygren Tor,
Björklund AnnChristin,
Björkqvist StigEyrik
Publication year - 1994
Publication title -
aggressive behavior
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.223
H-Index - 92
eISSN - 1098-2337
pISSN - 0096-140X
DOI - 10.1002/1098-2337(1994)20:1<17::aid-ab2480200104>3.0.co;2-u
Subject(s) - placebo , testosterone (patch) , mood , impulsivity , anger , psychology , radioimmunoassay , endocrinology , testosterone propionate , digit ratio , androgen , medicine , poison control , aggression , clinical psychology , developmental psychology , hormone , alternative medicine , environmental health , pathology
In a double‐blind experiment, human males (n = 27) were given either testosterone (40 mg/day), placebo, or no treatment, over a one week period. Subjective and observer assessed mood estimations were conducted before and after treatment. Testosterone levels in saliva were measured with radioimmunoassay. The results revealed a significant placebo effect [c. f. Medicine and Science in Sports 4: 124–126]: After treatment, the placebo group scored higher than both the testosterone and the control group on self‐estimated anger, irritation, impulsivity, and frustration. Observer‐estimated mood yielded similar results. The lack of a placebo effect in the testosterone group is intriguing, and may be due to secondary effects caused by suppression of the body's own testosterone production, since recorded non‐protein bound testosterone did not significantly rise due to treatment. The resultss suggest that androgen usage causes expectations, rather than an actual increase of aggressiveness. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.