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Generalized expectations of alcoholics: Multidimensional locus of control, hopelessness, and machiavellianism
Author(s) -
Krampen Guenter
Publication year - 1980
Publication title -
journal of clinical psychology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.124
H-Index - 119
eISSN - 1097-4679
pISSN - 0021-9762
DOI - 10.1002/1097-4679(198010)36:4<1022::aid-jclp2270360436>3.0.co;2-x
Subject(s) - machiavellianism , psychology , locus of control , multivariate analysis of variance , socioeconomic status , orientation (vector space) , self control , social psychology , control (management) , clinical psychology , developmental psychology , personality , psychopathy , statistics , mathematics , management , economics , population , demography , geometry , sociology
Compared five aspects of generalized expectations (internality, powerful others external control orientation, chance control orientation, hopelessness, and machiavellianism) of alcoholics and nonalcoholics. S s tested were 56 nonalcoholics and 50 alcoholics just starting a treatment (middle socioeconomic class). Data analysis was done by a multivariate analysis of variance. The two samples differed in their generalized expectations. Alcoholics were, on the average, more external in powerful others control orientations, more external in chance control orientations, more hopeless, and more machiavellianistic than the nonalcoholics. The results support the findings of alcoholics' relative externality in locus of control of reiforcement and refer to the relevance of generalized expectations for the treatment of alcoholism.