Disseminated intravascular coagulation and excessive fibrinolysis in a patient with metastatic prostate cancer. Response to epsilon‐aminocaproic acid

Background. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and primary fibrinolysis have both been reported in association with prostate carcinoma. The correct diagnosis of the coagulopathy can be difficult and the appropriate management controversial. Methods. A case is presented of a man in whom DIC and soft tissue hemorrhage developed after prostatic biopsy. The results of therapy and a review of the literature are discussed. Results. Fibrinogen levels continued to decrease despite high‐dose estrogen therapy, but they rapidly returned to normal after therapy with epsilon‐aminocaproic acid. Although routine coagulation tests were suggestive of primary fibrinolysis, the results of the D‐dimer assay confirmed that the patient had DIC associated with excessive fibrinolysis. Conclusion. A review of the literature suggests that most cases of primary fibrinolysis are probably DIC with excessive secondary fibrinolysis. In cases in which bleeding is the primary manifestation of DIC and there is a significant reduction in alpha‐2‐plasmin inhibitor activity, a trial of epsilon‐aminocaproic acid and low‐dose heparin should be considered. The failure in this case of estrogen therapy to correct the coagulopathy, despite a later good tumor response, is consistent with the delay in which anorchid testosterone levels are obtained after initiating treatment. Cancer 1992; 70:656–658.