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Spatially resolved analysis and minimization of resistive losses in high‐efficiency Si solar cells
Author(s) -
Altermatt Pietro P.,
Heiser Gernot,
Aberle Armin G.,
Wang Aihua,
Zhao Jianhua,
Robinson Stephen J.,
Bowden Stuart,
Green Martin A.
Publication year - 1996
Publication title -
progress in photovoltaics: research and applications
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.286
H-Index - 131
eISSN - 1099-159X
pISSN - 1062-7995
DOI - 10.1002/(sici)1099-159x(199611/12)4:6<399::aid-pip148>3.0.co;2-4
Subject(s) - common emitter , resistive touchscreen , silicon , materials science , optoelectronics , solar cell , perl , equivalent series resistance , computer science , voltage , electrical engineering , engineering , world wide web , computer vision
This paper presents an improved method for measuring the total lumped series resistance (R s ) of high‐efficiency solar cells. Since this method greatly minimizes the influence of non‐linear recombination processes on the measured R s values, it is possible to determine R s as a function of external current density over a wide range of illumination levels with a significantly improved level of accuracy. This paper furthermore explains how resistive losses in the emitter, the base, the metal/silicon contacts and the front metal grid can be separately determined by combining measurements and multidimensional numerical simulations. A novel combination of device simulation and circuit simulation is introduced in order to simulate complete 2 × 2 cm 2 PERL (‘passivated emitter and rear locally‐diffused’) silicon solar cells. These computer simulations provide improved insight into the dynamics of resistive losses, and thus allow new strategies for the optimization of resistive losses to be developed. The predictions have been experimentally verified with PERL cells, whose resistive losses were reduced to approximately half of their previous values, contributing to a new efficiency world record (24.0%) for silicon solar cells under terrestrial illumination. The measurement techniques and optimization strategies presented here can be applied to most other types of solar cells, and to materials other than silicon.