Why should an aged male baboon ever transfer troops?

Dispersals by subadult or adult male baboons are common. In contrast, the occasional transfer of aged baboons is puzzling, given the physical dangers of transfer and the cognitive demands of mastering the ecological and social rules of a new troop. The present data suggest a possible explanation for such transfers in a study of two troops of olive baboons ( Papio anubis ) in Kenya. Aged males who remained in the troop in which they had been dominant were subjected to significantly higher rates of approach‐avoid interactions by the current high‐ranking cohort (i.e., the individuals they had dominated years past) when compared to males who had transferred into the troop in their old age. Thus, transfer in old age offers the advantage of relative anonymity. Of the 14 males who progressed into older adulthood in the same troop in which they were in their prime, seven ultimately transferred to a different troop. The seven who remained and the seven who transferred did not differ in the rate at which they were subjected to approach‐avoid interactions. However, those who remained had significantly higher rates of various affiliative behaviors (copulations, consortships, grooming and contact with females, and positive interactions with infants). Thus, amid the disadvantages of an old age spent in the troop in which a male baboon was in his prime, a high degree of social affiliation might constitute a sufficient disincentive against transferring. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.