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Molecular and cellular mechanisms of estrogen action on the skeleton
Author(s) -
Rickard D.J.,
Subramaniam M.,
Spelsberg T.C.
Publication year - 1999
Publication title -
journal of cellular biochemistry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.028
H-Index - 165
eISSN - 1097-4644
pISSN - 0730-2312
DOI - 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(1999)75:32+<123::aid-jcb15>3.0.co;2-k
Subject(s) - estrogen , estrogen receptor , biology , phenotype , skeleton (computer programming) , estrogen receptor alpha , microbiology and biotechnology , estrogen receptor beta , gene , endocrinology , genetics , anatomy , cancer , breast cancer
The many recent and exciting advances that have taken place in the field of estrogen action on the skeleton are the subjects of this review. Leading these new developments is the discovery of alternative estrogen receptors that exhibit differential mechanisms of transcriptional control of estrogen‐responsive promoters, thereby broadening both the ranges of possible target cells and their responses. More potentially important genes under estrogenic control have been identified in vitro, and the skeletal phenotypes caused by disruption of estrogen signaling due to mutations in humans and mice have been described. Lastly, clinical studies in humans have revealed a greater appreciation for the importance of estrogen in bone mass maintenance in both sexes. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppls. 32/33:123–132, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.