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Injection techniques for botulinum toxin using electromyography and electrical stimulation
Author(s) -
O'Brien Christopher F.
Publication year - 1997
Publication title -
muscle and nerve
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.025
H-Index - 145
eISSN - 1097-4598
pISSN - 0148-639X
DOI - 10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(1997)6+<176::aid-mus12>3.0.co;2-4
Subject(s) - botulinum toxin , spasticity , electromyography , medicine , stimulation , anesthesia , adverse effect , physical medicine and rehabilitation , dystonia , pharmacology , psychiatry
Increasing data supports the use of botulinum toxin injection as a therapeutic intervention in the management of spasicity. The avid binding of botulinum toxin (BTX) to presynaptic neuron terminals and the diffusion characteristics of the medication allow realtice ease of administration. For many clinical applications, efficacy may be improved, and adverse effects reduced, by more precise targeting of the muscles to be injected. Electromyographic guidance (EMG) is commonly used to confirm appropriate localization of the injection needle in specific muscles immediately before injection. Electrical stimulation (ES) may be more useful in patients who are unresponsive or sedated. Equipment options and technical aspects of EMG and ES are discussed, including some adjuctive imaging methods for injecting difficult‐to‐localize muscles ©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Inc. Spasticity: Etiology, Evaluation, Management, and the Role of Botulinum Toxin Type A, MF Brin, editor, Muscle Nerve 1997; 20(suppl 6):S176‐S180.