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Bio‐Engineered Silver Nanoparticles, Characterization, and Time‐Dependent Toxicity against Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio )
Author(s) -
Khan Qaisar,
Yousafzai Ali Muhammad,
Khan Pordil,
Kakakhel Mian Adnan,
Ishaq Muhammad
Publication year - 2025
Publication title -
microscopy research and technique
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.536
H-Index - 118
eISSN - 1097-0029
pISSN - 1059-910X
DOI - 10.1002/jemt.24828
Subject(s) - genotoxicity , cyprinus , silver nanoparticle , toxicity , gill , comet assay , chemistry , common carp , silver carp , biology , toxicology , microbiology and biotechnology , dna damage , nanoparticle , biochemistry , nanotechnology , materials science , fishery , dna , organic chemistry , fish <actinopterygii>
ABSTRACT Bio‐engineered silver nanoparticles (BE‐AgNPs) are receiving discernible attention due to their diverse application history; however, the interaction of silver nanoparticles (Ag‐NPs) with the environment and their toxicity in aquatic organisms is a matter of concern debate. Therefore, the current study aims to evaluate the bio‐fabrication of Ag‐NPs using Bellis perennis ( B. perennis ) plant flower extract and to assess their toxicity against Cyprinus carpio as an aquatic model organism. For this purpose, BE‐AgNPs were synthesized and characterized using advanced analytical techniques (SEM, TEM, FTIR, and UV–visible absorption spectra), which showed that well‐dispersed and cubical Ag‐NPs with an average size of 15.4 nm were obtained. In addition, C. carpio after 96‐h LC 50 test period were exposed to three determined concentrations, including 5, 10, and 15 mg/L of BE‐AgNPs for 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively, for tissue histopathology and genotoxicity. Histopathological results revealed that BE‐AgNPs caused degeneration, necrosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in the muscles, liver, intestine, and gills of exposed C. carpio tissues using H and E staining slides. Moreover, BE‐AgNPs caused DNA damage to C. carpio erythrocytes using the comet assay (single‐cell gel electrophoresis) technique. The study confirmed that BE‐AgNPs induce significant myotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, branchial toxicity, intestinal toxicity, and genotoxicity in C. carpio . These findings highlight the environmental and ecological risks associated with the use of bio‐engineered silver nanoparticles, particularly in aquatic ecosystems.