DNA repair and carcinogenesis

The paper is dedicated to the natural phenomenon of cancer, with its possible causes, lifetime risks, mechanisms and possible outcomes discussed in fine detail. The molecular events resulting in uncontrolled cell growth and increased capacity to colonise distant topological sites are reviewed with regards to their impact as separate factors as well as their function as parts of a common mechanism. The basic classifications of cell genes coding for products involved directly or indirectly in carcinogenesis (proto-oncogenes, tumour-suppressor genes, mutator genes and gatekeeper/caretaker genes) are given in parallel in order to provide a better understanding of the functions of the encoded proteins. The mechanisms commonly used by cancer cells to evade the control of the DNA damage check/DNA repair/apoptosis system and for deactivation and/or elimination of anticancer drugs are reviewed. The current and future opportunities for establishing control over carcinogenesis (for common types of cancer as well as for ''cancer'' in general) are evaluated in the light of the theory that cancer is a physiological mechanism set in place by Nature so as to minimise the risk of evolutionary stagnation