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Background  In the Chinese health care industry, male  Eucommia ulmoides  Oliv. flowers are newly approved as a raw material of functional food. Core collections have been constructed from conserved germplasm resources based on phenotypic traits and molecular markers. However, little is known about these collections’ phytochemical properties. This study explored the chemical composition of male  E. ulmoides  flowers, in order to provide guidance in the quality control, sustainable cultivation, and directional breeding of this tree species.    Methods  We assessed the male flowers from 22 core collections using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) non-targeted metabolomics, and analyzed them using multivariate statistical methods including principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA).    Results  We annotated a total of 451 and 325 metabolites in ESI+ and ESI− modes, respectively, by aligning the mass fragments of the secondary mass spectra with those in the database. Four chemotypes were well established using the ESI+ metabolomics data. Of the 29 screened biomarkers, 21, 6, 19, and 5 markers corresponded to chemotypes I, II, III, and IV, respectively. More than half of the markers belonged to flavonoid and amino acid derivative classes.    Conclusion  Non-targeted metabolomics is a suitable approach to the chemotype classification and biomarker screening of male  E. ulmoides  flower core collections. We first evaluated the metabolite profiles and compositional variations of male  E. ulmoides  flowers in representative core collections before establishing possible chemotypes and significant biomarkers denoting the variations. We used genetic variations to infer the metabolite compositional variations of male  E. ulmoides  flower core collections instead of using the geographical origins of the germplasm resources. The newly proposed biomarkers sufficiently classified the chemotypes to be applied for germplasm resource evaluation.

peerj

Chemotype classification and biomarker screening of male <i>Eucommia ulmoides</i> Oliv. flower core collections using UPLC-QTOF/MS-based non-targeted metabolomics

Chemotype classification and biomarker screening of male Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. flower core collections using UPLC-QTOF/MS-based non-targeted metabolomics