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As a small order of Pterygota (Insecta), Ephemeroptera has almost 3,500 species around the world. Ephemerellidae is a widely distributed common group of Ephemeroptera. However, the relationship among Ephemerellidae, Vietnamellidae and Teloganellidae is still in dispute. In this study, we sequenced six complete mitogenomes of three genera from Ephemerellidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera):  Ephemerella  sp. Yunnan-2018,  Serratella zapekinae ,  Serratella  sp. Yunnan-2018,  Serratella  sp. Liaoning-2019,  Torleya grandipennis  and  T. tumiforceps . These mitogenomes were employed to reveal controversial phylogenetic relationships among the Ephemeroptera, with emphasis on the phylogenetic relationships among Ephemerellidae. The lengths of the six mayfly mitogenomes ranged from 15,134 bp to 15,703 bp. Four mitogenomes of  Ephemerella  sp. Yunnan-2018,  Serratella zapekinae ,  Serratella  sp. Yunnan-2018 and  Serratella  sp. Liaoning-2019 had 22 tRNAs including an inversion and translocation of  trnI . By contrast, the mitogenomes of  T. tumiforceps  and  T. grandipennis  had 24 tRNAs due to an extra two copies of inversion and translocation of  trnI . Within the family Ephemerellidae, disparate gene rearrangement occurred in the mitogenomes of different genera: one copy of inversion and translocation  trnI  in the genera  Ephemerella  and  Serratella , and three repeat copies of inversion and translocation of  trnI  in the genus  Torleya . A large non-coding region (≥200 bp) between  trnS1  (AGN) and  trnE  was detected in  T. grandipennis  and  T. tumiforceps . Among the phylogenetic relationship of the Ephemeroptera, the monophyly of almost all families except Siphlonuridae was supported by BI and ML analyses. The phylogenetic results indicated that Ephemerellidae was the sister clade to Vietnamellidae whereas Teloganellidae was not a sister clade of Ephemerellidae and Vietnamellidae.

peerj

Six complete mitochondrial genomes of mayflies from three genera of Ephemerellidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) with inversion and translocation of<i>trnI</i>rearrangement and their phylogenetic relationships

Six complete mitochondrial genomes of mayflies from three genera of Ephemerellidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) with inversion and translocation oftrnIrearrangement and their phylogenetic relationships