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Background  Plants are commonly colonized by a wide diversity of microbial species and the relationships created can range from mutualistic through to parasitic. Microorganisms that typically form symptomless associations with internal plant tissues are termed endophytes. Endophytes associate with most plant species found in natural and managed ecosystems. They are extremely important plant partners that provide improved stress tolerance to the host compared with plants that lack this symbiosis. Plant domestication has reduced endophyte diversity and therefore the wild relatives of many crop species remain untapped reservoirs of beneficial microbes.  Brassica  species display immense diversity and consequently provide the greatest assortment of products used by humans from a single plant genus important for agriculture, horticulture, bioremediation, medicine, soil conditioners, composting crops, and in the production of edible and industrial oils. Many endophytes are horizontally transmitted, but some can colonize the plant’s reproductive tissues, and this gives these symbionts an efficient mechanism of propagation  via  plant seed (termed vertical transmission).    Methods  This study surveyed 83 wild and landrace  Brassica  accessions composed of 14 different species with a worldwide distribution for seed-originating bacterial endophytes. Seed was stringently disinfected, sown within sterile tissue culture pots within a sterile environment and incubated. After approximately 1-month, direct isolation techniques were used to recover bacterial endophytes from roots and shoots of symptomless plants. Bacteria were identified based on the PCR amplification of partial 16S rDNA gene sequences and annotated using the BLASTn program against the NCBI rRNA database. A diversity index was used as a quantitative measure to reflect how many different bacterial species there were in the seed-originating microbial community of the  Brassica  accessions sampled.    Results  Bacterial endophytes were recovered from the majority of the  Brassica  accessions screened. 16S rDNA gene sequencing identified 19 different bacterial species belonging to three phyla, namely Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria with the most frequently isolated species being  Methylobacterium fujisawaense ,  Stenotrophomonas rhizophila  and  Pseudomonas lactis .  Methylobacterium  was the dominant genus composing 56% of the culturable isolated bacterial community and was common in 77% of accessions possessing culturable bacterial endophytes. Two selected isolates of  Methylobacterium  significantly promoted plant growth when inoculated into a cultivar of oilseed rape and inhibited the growth of the pathogen  Leptosphaeria maculans  in dual culture. This is the first report that investigates the seed-originating endophytic microorganisms of wild  Brassica  species and highlights the  Brassica  microbiome as a resource for plant growth promoting bacteria and biological control agents.

Methylobacterium, a major component of the culturable bacterial endophyte community of wild Brassica seed