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Background   NirS -type denitrifying bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) play a key role in the soil nitrogen cycle, which may affect the growth and development of underground truffles. We aimed to investigate  nirS -type denitrifying bacterial and AOB community structures in the rhizosphere soils of  Carya illinoinensis  seedlings inoculated with the black truffle ( Tuber melanosporum ) during the early symbiotic stage.    Methods  The  C. illinoinensis  seedlings inoculated with or without  T. melanosporum  were cultivated in a greenhouse for six months. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology was used to analyze  nirS -type denitrifying bacterial and AOB community structures in the rhizosphere soils of these seedlings. Additionally, the soil properties were determined.    Results  The results indicated that the abundance and diversity of AOB were significantly reduced due to the inoculation of  T. melanosporum , while these of  nirS -type denitrifying bacteria increased significantly. Proteobacteria were the dominant bacterial groups, and  Rhodanobacter ,   Pseudomonas ,  Nitrosospira  and  Nitrosomonas  were the dominant classified bacterial genera in all the soil samples.  Pseudomonas  was the most abundant classified  nirS -type denitrifying bacterial genus in ectomycorrhizosphere soils whose relative abundance could significantly increase after  T. melanosporum  inoculation. A large number of unclassified  nirS -type denitrifying bacteria and AOB were observed. Moreover,  T. melanosporum  inoculation had little effect on the pH, total nitrogen (TN), nitrate-nitrogen (NO\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym}  \usepackage{amsfonts}  \usepackage{amssymb}  \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} }{}${}_{3}^{-}$\end{document}3    −-N) and ammonium-nitrogen (NH\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym}  \usepackage{amsfonts}  \usepackage{amssymb}  \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} }{}${}_{4}^{+}$\end{document}4    +-N) contents in ectomycorrhizosphere soils. Overall, our results showed that  nirS -type denitrifying bacterial and AOB communities in  C. illinoinensis  rhizosphere soils were significantly affected by  T. melanosporum  on the initial stage of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, without obvious variation of soil N contents.

peerj

Tuber melanosporum shapes nirS-type denitrifying and ammonia-oxidizing bacterial communities in Carya illinoinensis ectomycorrhizosphere soils