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Background   Glaesserella parasuis  ( G. parasuis ) is a respiratory pathogen of swine and the etiological agent of Glässer’s disease. The structural organization of genetic information, antibiotic resistance genes, potential pathogenicity, and evolutionary relationships among global  G. parasuis  strains remain unclear. The aim of this study was to better understand patterns of genetic variation, antibiotic resistance factors, and virulence mechanisms of this pathogen.    Methods  The whole-genome sequence of a ST328 isolate from diseased swine in China was determined using Pacbio RS II and Illumina MiSeq platforms and compared with 54 isolates from China sequenced in this study and 39 strains from China and eigtht other countries sequenced by previously. Patterns of genetic variation, antibiotic resistance, and virulence mechanisms were investigated in relation to the phylogeny of the isolates. Electrotransformation experiments were performed to confirm the ability of pYL1—a plasmid observed in ST328—to confer antibiotic resistance.    Results  The ST328 genome contained a novel Tn 6678  transposon harbouring a unique resistance determinant. It also contained a small broad-host-range plasmid pYL1 carrying  aac(6’)-Ie-aph(2”)-Ia  and  bla  ROB-1 ; when transferred to  Staphylococcus aureus  RN4220 by electroporation, this plasmid was highly stable under kanamycin selection. Most (85.13–91.74%) of the genetic variation between  G. parasuis  isolates was observed in the accessory genomes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two major subgroups distinguished by country of origin, serotype, and multilocus sequence type (MLST). Novel virulence factors ( gigP, malQ,  and  gmhA ) and drug resistance genes ( norA, bacA ,  ksgA,  and  bcr ) in  G. parasuis  were identified .  Resistance determinants ( sul2, aph(3”)-Ib, norA, bacA ,  ksgA,  and  bcr ) were widespread across isolates, regardless of serovar, isolation source, or geographical location.    Conclusions  Our comparative genomic analysis of worldwide  G. parasuis  isolates provides valuable insight into the emergence and transmission of  G. parasuis  in the swine industry. The result suggests the importance of transposon-related and/or plasmid-related gene variations in the evolution of  G. parasuis .

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Whole-genome sequence analyses of <i>Glaesserella parasuis</i> isolates reveals extensive genomic variation and diverse antibiotic resistance determinants

Whole-genome sequence analyses of Glaesserella parasuis isolates reveals extensive genomic variation and diverse antibiotic resistance determinants