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Giant mustelids are a paraphyletic group of mustelids found in the Neogene of Eurasia, Africa and North America. Most are known largely from dental remains, with their postcranial skeleton mostly unknown. Here, we describe new craniodental and postcranial remains of the large lutrine  Sivaonyx hendeyi  and the leopard-size gulonine  Plesiogulo  aff.  monspessulanus  from the early Pliocene site Langebaanweg, South Africa. The new material of the endemic  S. hendeyi , includes upper incisors and premolars, and fragmentary humerus, ulna and a complete astragalus. Its postcrania shares more traits with the living  Aonyx capensis  than the late Miocene  Sivaonyx beyi  from Chad.  Sivaonyx hendeyi  could therefore be tentatively interpreted as a relatively more aquatic taxon than the Chadian species, comparable to  A. capensis . The new specimens of  Plesiogulo  comprise two edentulous maxillae, including one of a juvenile individual with incomplete decidual dentition, and a fragmentary forelimb of an adult individual. The new dental measurements point to this form being amongst the largest specimens of the genus. Both P3-4 differs from the very large species  Plesiogulo botori  from late Miocene of Kenya and Ethiopia. This confirms the existence of two distinct large species of  Plesiogulo  in Africa during the Mio/Pliocene,  P. botori  in the Late Miocene of Eastern Africa (6.1–5.5 Ma) and  Plesiogulo  aff.  monspessulanus  at the beginning of the Pliocene in southern Africa (5.2 Ma). Lastly, we report for the first time the presence of both  Sivaonyx  and  Plesiogulo  in MPPM and LQSM at Langebaanweg, suggesting that the differences observed from the locality may be produced by sedimentation or sampling biases instead of temporal replacement within the carnivoran guild.

peerj

New insights into the giant mustelids (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) from Langebaanweg fossil site (West Coast Fossil Park, South Africa, early Pliocene)