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Background   Phytophthora nicotianae  is a fungal soil-borne pathogen that damages various plant species. Mancozeb and Zineb, fungicides containing manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) as the main components, are widely used to control the diseases caused by  Phytophthora . However, the inhibition mechanism is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Mn and Zn on  P. nicotianae  and to determine possible inhibitory mechanisms of Mn and Zn on sporangiogenesis of  P. nicotianae .    Methods  The mycelial growth, sporangium generation, zoosporogenesis and zoospore germination of  P. nicotianae  were observed under Mn and Zn treatments. The gene ( csn4  and  csn7 ) expression levels of  P. nicotianae  in different growth stages were examined.  Csn4  and  csn7  gene expression, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were tested at the stage of sporangiogenesis under different Mn and Zn concentrations.    Results  Mycelial growth of  P. nicotianae  was significantly inhibited by Mn from ≥1 mg/L concentration and by Zn from ≥10 mg/L. The sporangia production, sporangia release, and zoospore germination of  P. nicotianae  were significantly reduced by Mn at all concentrations, while treatment with Zn from ≥0.5 mg/L concentration significantly inhibited the same processes. At the same concentration, the inhibition rate of Mn on the growth process of  P. nicotianae  was higher than that of Zn. The  csn4  and  csn7  gene transcription of  P. nicotianae  were significantly reduced by all treatments with Mn and Zn at the stage of sporangiogenesis. With the increase of Mn concentration, the activities of SOD and CAT increased to maxima and then decreased, and the content of MDA gradually increased during sporangiogenesis of  P. nicotianae . The sporangia production of  P. nicotianae  was significantly positively correlated with the expression levels of the genes  csn4  and  csn7 .    Conclusion  The inhibitory effect of Mn on the growth process of  P. nicotianae  was stronger than that of Zn, especially on sporangiogenesis and zoosporogenesis. A possible mechanism of the inhibitory effect on sporangiogenesis of  P. nicotianae  was that Mn and Zn acted by inhibiting the expression levels of the genes  csn4  and  csn7  and by affecting antioxidant enzyme activity (further resulting in lipid peroxidation) in the sporangium of  P. nicotianae .

Effects of manganese and zinc on the growth process of Phytophthora nicotianae and the possible inhibitory mechanisms