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Background  The long-term success of ex-situ conservation programmes depends on species-appropriate husbandry and enrichment practices complemented by an accurate welfare assessment protocol. Zoos and conservation breeding programmes should employ a bottom-up approach to account for intraspecific variations in measures of animal welfare. We studied 35 (14:21) captive Asiatic lions in Sakkarbaug Zoological Garden, Junagadh, India to understand the implications of individual variations on welfare measures. We categorized the subjects based on personality traits (bold or shy), rearing history (wild-rescued or captive-raised), sex, and social-grouping. We explored the association of these categorical variables on welfare indices such as behavioural diversity, latency to approach novel objects, enclosure usage and aberrant repetitive behaviours. Further, we assessed the inter-relationships between different behavioural measures of welfare.    Results  Our results show that intraspecific variations based on rearing-history and personality traits are significantly associated with the welfare states of captive Asiatic lions. Asiatic lions with bold personality traits ( M  = 0.50,  SD  = 0.12,  N  = 21) and those raised in captivity ( M  = 0.47,  SD  = 0.12,  N  = 16) used enclosure space more homogenously compared to shy ( M  = 0.71,  SD  = 0.15,  N  = 14) and wild-rescued ( M  = 0.67,  SD  = 0.15,  N  = 19) animals. Behaviour diversity was significantly higher in captive-raised ( M  = 1.26,  SD  = 0.3,  N  = 16) and bold ( M  = 1.23,  SD  = 0.26,  N  = 21) subjects compared to wild-rescued ( M  = 0.83,  SD  = 0.35,  N  = 19) and shy ( M  = 0.73,  SD  = 0.34,  N  = 14) individuals. Aberrant repetitive behaviours (stereotypy) were significantly lower in bold ( M  = 7.01,  SD  = 4,  N  = 21) and captive-raised ( M  = 7.74,  SD  = 5.3) individuals compared to wild-rescued ( M  = 13.12,  SD  = 6.25,  N  = 19) and shy ( M  = 16.13,  SD  = 5.4,  N  = 16) lions. Sex and social-grouping of subjects did not show significant associations with behavioural welfare indices. Interestingly, behaviour diversity was reliably predicted by the enclosure usage patterns and aberrant repetitive behaviours displayed by subjects.    Discussion  Our findings underline the importance of individual-centric, behaviour-based, and multi-dimensional welfare assessment approaches in ex-situ conservation programmes. The results suggest that behavioural welfare indices complemented with individual variations can explain inter-individual differences in behavioural welfare measure outcomes of Asiatic lions. These findings also provide zoo managers with a non-invasive tool to reliably assess and improve husbandry practices for Asiatic lions. Understanding the unique welfare requirement of individuals in captivity will be crucial for the survival of the species.

Effects of personality and rearing-history on the welfare of captive Asiatic lions (Panthera leo persica)