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Background  Plants possess a sophisticated immune system to defend from herbivores. These defence responses are regulated by plant hormones including salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA). Sometimes, plant defences can be complemented by the presence of symbiotic microorganisms. A remarkable example of this are grasses establishing symbiotic associations with  Epichloë  fungal endophytes. We studied the level of resistance provided by the grass’ defence hormones, and that provided by  Epichloë  fungal endophytes, against an introduced herbivore aphid. These fungi protect their hosts against herbivores by producing bioactive alkaloids. We hypothesized that either the presence of fungal endophytes or the induction of the plant salicylic acid (SA) defence pathway would enhance the level of resistance of the grass to the aphid.    Methods   Lolium multiflorum  plants, with and without the fungal endophyte  Epichloë occultans , were subjected to an exogenous application of SA followed by a challenge with the aphid,  Sipha maydis .    Results  Our results indicate that neither the presence of  E. occultans  nor the induction of the plant’s SA pathway regulate  S. maydis  populations. However, endophyte-symbiotic plants may have been more tolerant to the aphid feeding because these plants produced more aboveground biomass. We suggest that this insect insensitivity could be explained by a combination between the ineffectiveness of the specific alkaloids produced by  E. occultans  in controlling  S. maydis  aphids and the capacity of this herbivore to deal with hormone-dependent defences of  L. multiflorum .

Sipha maydissensitivity to defences ofLolium multiflorumand its endophytic fungusEpichloëoccultans