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Background  There are abundant sheep breed resources in the Xinjiang region of China attributing to its diverse ecological system, which include several high-litter size sheep populations. Previous studies have confirmed that the major high prolificacy gene cannot be used to detect high litter size. Our research team found a resource group in Pishan County, southern Xinjiang. It showed high fertility with an average litter size of two to four in one birth, excellent breast development, and a high survival rate of lambs. In the present study, we used this resource as an ideal sample for studying the genetic mechanisms of high prolificacy in sheep.    Methods  Indigenous sheep populations from Xinjiang, with different litter sizes, were selected for the research, and specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) technology was used to comprehensively screen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the whole genome that may cause differences in litter size. Novel genes associated with litter size of sheep were detected using genome-wide association studies (GWAS), providing new clues revealing the regulation mechanism of sheep fecundity. Candidate genes related to ovulation and litter size were selected for verification using Kompetitive Allele Specific polymerase chain reaction (KASP) cluster analysis.    Results  We identified 685,300 SNPs using the SLAF-seq technique for subsequent genome-wide analysis. Subsequently, 155 SNPs were detected at the genome-wide level. Fourteen genes related to sheep reproduction were notated:  COIL, SLK, FSHR, Plxna3, Ddx24, CXCL12, Pla2g7, ATP5F1A, KERA, GUCY1A1, LOC101107541, LOC101107119, LOC101107809 , and  BRAF . Based on literature reports, 30 loci of seven genes and candidate genes ( CXCL12, FSHR, SLK, GUCY1A1, COIL, LOC101107541 , and  LOC101107119 ) related to ovulation and litter size were selected for verification using KASP cluster analysis. Among them, nine loci of three genes were successfully genotyped. Three loci of  FSHR  (GenBank ID: 443299, g. 75320741G>A site), GUCY1A1 (GenBank ID: 101110000, g. 43266624C>T site), and  COIL  (GenBank ID: 101123134, g. 7321466C>G site) were found to be significantly or extremely significantly associated with litter size. These three loci are expected to be used as molecular markers to determine differences in litter size in sheep.

peerj

Identification of novel genes associated with litter size of indigenous sheep population in Xinjiang, China using specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing technology