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Cryptochromes (CRYs) are flavoproteins and play a pivotal role in circadian clocks which mediate behavior of organisms such as feeding, mating and migrating navigation. Herein, we identified novel transcripts in  Helicoverpa armigera  of six isoforms of  cry1  and seven isoforms of  cry2  by Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the transcripts of  cry1  and  cry2  align closely with other insect  crys , indicating within-species divergence of  Hacry . A  dn/ds  analysis revealed that the encoding sequence of the  cry1  was under purifying selection by a strong negative selection pressure whereas the  cry2  was less constraint and showed a less strong purification selection than  cry1 . In general,  Hacrys  were more abundantly transcribed in wild migrating populations than that in laboratory maintained populations, and expression of the  cry2  was lower than  cry1  in all samples tested. Moreover, when compared with the migrating parental population, offspring reared in laboratory conditions showed a significant reduction on transcription of the  cry1  but not  cry2 . These results strongly suggest that  cry1  was more related to the migration behavior of  H. armigera  than  cry2 .

Up-regulation of cryptochrome 1 gene expression in cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) during migration over the Bohai Sea