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We critically re-examine nine of the ten fossil specimens currently assigned to Hepialidae. Three fossils with impressions of wing veins and scales placed in the fossil genus  Prohepialus   Piton, 1940 , and two mummified larvae that show apomorphic characters, have features that support placement in Hepialidae. The other four fossils that we evaluate,  Prohepialus incertus   Piton, 1940 ;  Oiophassus nycterus   Zhang, 1989 ;  Protohepialus comstocki   Pierce, 1945 ; and a fossil scale, lack definitive hepialid characters. One of these,  Prohepialus incertus   Piton, 1940 , appears to represent a symphytan (Hymenoptera), and is excluded from Lepidoptera. The fossilized wings placed in  Prohepialus  by Jarzembowski display numerous features that indicate a proximate phylogenetic relationship to extant members of the hepialid genus  Sthenopis  Packard and related genera.

Ghosts from the past: a review of fossil Hepialoidea (Lepidoptera)