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Flatfish undergo extreme morphological development and settle to a benthic in the adult stage, and are likely to be more susceptible to environmental stress. Heat shock proteins 70 ( hsp70 ) are involved in embryonic development and stress response in metazoan animals. However, the evolutionary history and functions of  hsp70  in flatfish are poorly understood. Here, we identified 15  hsp70  genes in the genome of Japanese flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus ), a flatfish endemic to northwestern Pacific Ocean. Gene structure and motifs of the Japanese flounder  hsp70  were conserved, and there were few structure variants compared to other fish species. We constructed a maximum likelihood tree to understand the evolutionary relationship of the  hsp70  genes among surveyed fish. Selection pressure analysis suggested that four genes,  hspa4l ,  hspa9 ,  hspa13,  and  hyou1 , showed signs of positive selection. We then extracted transcriptome data on the Japanese flounder with  Edwardsiella tarda  to induce stress, and found that  hspa9 ,  hspa12b, hspa4l, hspa13 , and  hyou1  were highly expressed, likely to protect cells from stress. Interestingly, expression patterns of  hsp70  genes were divergent in different developmental stages of the Japanese flounder. We found that at least one  hsp70  gene was always highly expressed at various stages of embryonic development of the Japanese flounder, thereby indicating that  hsp70  genes were constitutively expressed in the Japanese flounder. Our findings provide basic and useful resources to better understand  hsp70  genes in flatfish.

peerj

Genome-wide identification and characterization of heat shock protein family 70 provides insight into its divergent functions on immune response and development of<i>Paralichthys olivaceus</i>

Genome-wide identification and characterization of heat shock protein family 70 provides insight into its divergent functions on immune response and development ofParalichthys olivaceus