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We previously reported that shokyo and kankyo, which are water-extracted fractions of ginger, reduced LPS-induced PGE 2  production in human gingival fibroblasts. In this study, we examined the effects of these herbs on LPS-treated mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Both shokyo and kankyo reduced LPS-induced PGE 2  production in a concentration-dependent manner. Shokyo and kankyo did not inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, nor did they alter the expression of molecules in the arachidonic acid cascade. In addition, these herbs did not alter NF-κB p65 translocation into nucleus, or phosphorylation of p65 or ERK. These results suggest that shokyo and kankyo inhibit cPLA 2  activity. Although 6-shogaol produced similar results to those of shokyo and kankyo, the concentration of 6-shogaol required for the reduction of PGE 2  production were higher than those of 6-shogaol in shokyo and kankyo. Therefore, several gingerols and shogaols other than 6-shogaol may play a role in the reduction of LPS-induced PGE 2  production. Thus, 6-shogaol, and other gingerols and shogaols inhibit cPLA 2  activity and reduce LPS-induced PGE 2  production via a different mechanism from traditional anti-inflammatory drugs. Moreover, kampo medicines that contain shokyo or kankyo are considered to be effective for inflammatory diseases.

peerj

Effects of shokyo (Zingiberis Rhizoma) and kankyo (Zingiberis Processum Rhizoma) on prostaglandin E2 production in lipopolysaccharide-treated mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells