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Background  The cultivation of  Bt  maize (maize genetically modified with  Bacillus thuringiensis ) continues to expand globally. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), an important kind of microorganism closely related to soil fertility and plant nutrition, may influence the ecological risk of target lepidopteran pests in  Bt  crops.    Methods  In this study, transgenic  Bt  maize (Line IE09S034 with  Cry1Ie  vs. its parental line of non- Bt  maize cv. Xianyu335) was inoculated with a species of AMF,  Glomus caledonium  (GC). Its effects on the food utilization, reproduction and development of armyworm,  Mythimna separata , were studied in a potted experiment from 2017 to 2018.    Results  GC inoculation increased the AMF colonization of both modified and non-modified maize, and also increased the grain weight per plant and 1,000-grain weight of modified and non-modified maize. However, the cultivation of  Bt  maize did not significantly affect the AMF colonization. The feeding of  M. separata  with  Bt  maize resulted in a notable decrease in RCR (relative consumption rate), RGR (relative growth rate), AD (approximate digestibility), ECD (efficiency of conversion of digested food) and ECI (efficiency of conversion of ingested food) parameters in comparison to those observed in larvae fed with non- Bt  maize in 2017 and 2018, regardless of GC inoculation. Furthermore, remarkable prolongation of larval life span and decreases in the rate of pupation, weight of pupa, rate of eclosion, fecundity and adult longevity of  M. separata  were observed in the  Bt  treatment regardless of GC inoculation during the two-year experiment. Also, when  M. separata  was fed with  Bt  maize, a significant prolongation of larval life and significant decreases in the pupal weight, fecundity and adult longevity of  M. separata  were observed when inoculated with GC. However, it was just the opposite for larvae fed with non- Bt  maize that was inoculated with GC. The increased percentage of larval life-span, the decreased percentages of the food utilization, and the other indexes of reproduction, growth, and development of  M. separata  fed on  Bt  maize relative to non- Bt  maize were all visibly lower when under GC inoculation in contrast to the CK.    Discussion  It is presumed that  Bt  maize has a marked adverse impact on  M. separata  development, reproduction and feeding, especially when in combination with the GC inoculation. Additionally, GC inoculation favors the effectiveness of  Bt  maize against  M. separata  larvae by reducing their food utilization ability, which negatively affects the development and reproduction of the armyworm. Thus,  Bt  maize inoculated with AMF (here, GC) can reduce the severe threats arising of armyworms, and hence the AMF inoculation may play an important ecological functions in the field of  Bt  maize ecosystem, with potentially high control efficiency for the target lepidopteran pests.

peerj

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter the food utilization, growth, development and reproduction of armyworm (Mythimna separata) fed on <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> maize

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter the food utilization, growth, development and reproduction of armyworm (Mythimna separata) fed on Bacillus thuringiensis maize