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Salvia miltiorrhiza  is one of the most commonly used traditional Chinese medicine materials. It contains important bioactive phenolic compounds, such as salvianolic acids, flavonoids and anthocyanins. Elucidation of phenolic compound biosynthesis and its regulatory mechanism is of great significance for  S. miltiorrhiza  quality improvement. Laccases (LACs) are multicopper-containing enzymes potentially involved in the polymerization of phenolic compounds. So far, little has been known about  LAC  genes in  S. miltiorrhiza . Through systematic investigation of the whole genome sequence and transcriptomes of  S. miltiorrhiza , we identified 65 full-length  SmLAC  genes ( SmLAC1 – SmLAC65 ). Phylogenetic analysis showed that 62 of the identified SmLACs clustered with LACs from  Arabidopsis  and  Populus trichocarpa  in seven clades (C1–C7), whereas the other three fell into one  S. miltiorrhiza -specific clade (C8). All of the deduced SmLAC proteins contain four conserved signature sequences and three typical Cu-oxidase domains, and gene structures of most  LACs  from  S. miltiorrhiza ,  Arabidopsis  and  P. trichocarpa  were highly conserved, however  SmLACs  encoding C8 proteins showed distinct intron-exon structures. It suggests the conservation and diversity of plant  LACs  in gene structures. The majority of  SmLACs  exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns, indicates manifold functions of  SmLACs  played in  S. miltiorrhiza . Analysis of high-throughput small RNA sequences and degradome data and experimental validation using the 5′ RACE method showed that 23  SmLACs  were targets of Smi-miR397. Among them, three were also targeted by Smi-miR408. It suggests the significance of miR397 and miR408 in posttranscriptional regulation of  SmLAC  genes. Our results provide a foundation for further demonstrating the functions of  SmLACs  in the production of bioactive phenolic compounds in  S. miltiorrhiza .

Analysis of the laccase gene family and miR397-/miR408-mediated posttranscriptional regulation in Salvia miltiorrhiza