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Background  Bacterial symbiosis is widespread in arthropods, especially in insects. Some of the symbionts undergo a long-term co-evolution with the host, resulting in massive genome decay. One particular consequence of genome decay is thought to be the elimination of transcriptional elements within both the coding region and intergenic sequences. In the whitefly  Bemisia tabaci  species complex, the obligate symbiont  Candidatus  Portiera aleyrodidarum is of vital importance in nutrient provision, and yet little is known about the regulatory capacities of it.    Methods   Portiera  genomes of two whitefly species in China were sequenced and assembled. Gene content of these two  Portiera  genomes was predicted, and then subjected to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis. Together with two other  Portiera  genomes from whitefly species available previously, four  Portiera  genomes were utilized to investigate regulatory capacities of  Portiera , focusing on transcriptional elements, including genes related with transcription and functional elements within the intergenic spacers.    Results  Comparative analyses of the four  Portiera  genomes of whitefly  B. tabaci  indicate that the obligate symbionts  Portiera  is similar in different species of whiteflies, in terms of general genome features and possible functions in the biosynthesis of essential amino acids. The screening of transcriptional factors suggests compromised ability of  Portiera  to regulate the essential amino acid biosynthesis pathways. Meanwhile, thermal tolerance ability of  Portiera  is indicated with the detection of a σ 32  factor, as well as two predicted σ 32  binding sites. Within intergenic spacers, functional elements are predicted, including 37 Shine-Dalgarno sequences and 34 putative small RNAs.

Conservation of transcriptional elements in the obligate symbiont of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci