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The extinct ray-finned fish taxon  Robustichthys luopingensis  from Luoping, eastern Yunnan, China represents the largest holostean known in the Middle Triassic. Despite its potential significance for investigating the holostean phylogeny and reconstructing the Triassic marine ecosystems,  Robustichthys  has so far not been described in detail and its phylogenetic position within the Holostei was controversy. This study provides a redescription and revision of  Robustichthys  based upon a comparative study of eight type specimens and nine new specimens. Newly recognized information includes a toothed parasphenoid, a pair of premaxillae not pierced by the olfactory nerve, a splint-like quadratojugal, a hatchet-shaped hyomandibula, an hourglass-shaped symplectic, anterior and posterior ceratohyals, a complete series of branchiostegal rays, and sclerotic bones. A revised reconstruction of  Robustichthys  is presented. Results of a cladistic analysis confirmed  Robustichthys  as an ionoscopiform within the Halecomorphi; the previous placements of  Robustichthys  as a basal ginglymodian and Ionoscopidae as a basal amiiform clade are not supported. The sister group relationship between Sinamiinae ( Sinamia  and  Ikechaoamia ) and Amiinae ( Amia  and  Cyclurus ) within the Amiidae is newly recognized. This revised topology provides new insights into the evolution and historical paleoecology of halecomorph fishes.

Osteology and phylogeny ofRobustichthys luopingensis, the largest holostean fish in the Middle Triassic