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Background   In vitro  maturation (IVM) of oocytes has been widely used in the field of assisted reproductive technology. However, oocytes can be injured by oxidative stress during the process of IVM.    Methods  The present study was designed to evaluate the influences of rosmarinic acid (RA) on the IVM of porcine oocytes and the subsequent development of early-stage embryos as well as its underlying mechanisms. Various concentrations of RA (5 µM, 10 µM, and 25 µM) were treated with porcine oocyte maturation medium during the period of IVM.    Results and Discussion  The results showed that 5 µM RA treatment during the period of porcine oocyte IVM improves blastocyst quality and hatching ability after parthenogenetic activation. Furthermore, the presence of RA during the period of IVM dramatically improved the total number of cells after somatic cell nuclear transfer compared to the number of cells in the control group. Notably, RA treatment during the period of porcine oocyte IVM decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species generation not only in oocytes but also in cumulus cells. Further analysis showed that the intracellular free thiols levels in the oocytes were enhanced by treatment with RA during the period of porcine oocyte IVM compared to the free thiols levels in the control groups. These results indicate that RA improves the developmental competence of porcine oocytes during the IVM period by attenuating oxidative stress.

Rosmarinic acid treatment during porcine oocyte maturation attenuates oxidative stress and improves subsequent embryo developmentin vitro