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Background  Wild birds using livestock facilities for food and shelter may contribute to dissemination of enteric pathogens or antimicrobial resistant bacteria. However, drivers of microbial exchange among wildlife and livestock are not well characterized. Predisposition for acquiring and retaining environmental bacteria may vary among species because of physiologic or behavioral differences, complicating selection of a bacterial model that can accurately characterize microbial connections among hosts of interest. This study compares the prevalence and antibiotic resistance phenotypes of two potential model bacterial organisms isolated from wild birds and their environments.    Methods  We compared prevalence and resistance profiles of  Escherichia coli  and  Enterococcus  species isolated from environmental swabs and bird feces on a residential control site, a confinement dairy, a pasture-based beef farm, and a confinement beef farm.    Results  Bird feces at all sites had low-to-moderate prevalence of  Escherichia coli  (range: 17–47%), despite potential for exposure on farms (range: 63–97%). Few  Escherichia coli  were isolated from the control environment.  Enterococcus faecalis  was dominant in birds at both beef farms (62% and 81% of  Enterococcus  isolates) and low-to-moderately prevalent at the dairy and control sites (29% and 23% of isolates, respectively). Antimicrobial resistance prevalence was higher in farm samples compared to those from the residential control, but distribution of resistant isolates varied between the bacterial genera. Birds on all farms carried resistant  Enterococcus  at similar rates to that of the environment, but resistance was less common in bird-associated  Escherichia coli  despite presence of resistant isolates in the farm environment.    Discussion  Bacterial species studied may affect how readily bacterial exchange among populations is detected. Selection of microbial models must carefully consider both the questions being posed and how findings might influence resulting management decisions.

peerj

Considerations for studying transmission of antimicrobial resistant enteric bacteria between wild birds and the environment on intensive dairy and beef cattle operations