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Background  Our aim was to explore how the ectomycorrhizae of an indigenous tree,   Quercus acutissima,  with a commercial truffle, Chinese black truffle ( Tuber indicum ), affects the host plant physiology and shapes the associated microbial communities in the surrounding environment during the early stage of symbiosis.    Methods  To achieve this, changes in root morphology and microscopic characteristics, plant physiology indices, and the rhizosphere soil properties were investigated when six-month-old ectomycorrhizae were synthesized. Meanwhile, next-generation sequencing technology was used to analyze the bacterial and fungal communities in the root endosphere and rhizosphere soil inoculated with  T. indicum  or not.    Results  The results showed that colonization by  T. indicum  significantly improved the activity of superoxide dismutase in roots but significantly decreased the root activity. The biomass, leaf chlorophyll content and root peroxidase activity did not obviously differ. Ectomycorrhization of  Q. acutissima  with  T. indicum  affected the characteristics of the rhizosphere soil, improving the content of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and available nitrogen. The bacterial and fungal community composition in the root endosphere and rhizosphere soil was altered by  T. indicum  colonization, as was the community richness and diversity. The dominant bacteria in all the samples were Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, and the dominant fungi were Eukaryota_norank, Ascomycota, and Mucoromycota. Some bacterial communities, such as  Streptomyces, SM1A02,  and  Rhizomicrobium  were more abundant in the ectomycorrhizae or ectomycorrhizosphere soil.  Tuber  was the second-most abundant fungal genus, and  Fusarium  was present at lower amounts in the inoculated samples .Discussion  Overall, the symbiotic relationship between  Q. acutissima  and  T. indicum  had an obvious effect on host plant physiology, soil properties, and microbial community composition in the root endosphere and rhizosphere soil, which could improve our understanding of the symbiotic relationship between  Q. acutissima  and  T. indicum,  and may contribute to the cultivation of truffle.

Mycorrhization of Quercus acutissima with Chinese black truffle significantly altered the host physiology and root-associated microbiomes