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Vitex rotundifolia  is an important coastal and medicinal plant, and is recorded in the List of the Important Wild Plants for Conservation in China and Japan. However, an effective conservation strategy is lacking. In the present study, the genetic diversity and population structure were analyzed using phylogeographical methods based on the  trnH-psbA  and  trnG-trnS  intergenic spacers of the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences from 157 individuals from 25 sampling sites for  V. rotundifolia  and  V. trifolia  plus the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) sequences of 177 individuals from 27 sampling sites. The results showed that  V. rotundifolia  and  V. trifolia  had eight cpDNA and two nrDNA haplotypes, respectively, and the  V. rotundifolia  has a low level of genetic diversity (haplotype diversity  h  d,cp  = 0.360,  h  d,nr  = 0.440), a more pronounced genetic differentiation among populations (population differentiation at the species level ( G  ST ) = 0.201, population differentiation at the allele level ( N  ST ) = 0.462), and an insignificantly different phylogeographical structure ( N  ST  >  G  ST ,  P  > 0.05). In addition, haplotype network analyses indicated that  V. rotundifolia  and  V. trifolia  have distinct haplotypes. Divergence dating based on BEAST software analyses showed that most cpDNA clades diverged in the late Pleistocene era. Demographic analysis indicated that  V. rotundifolia  underwent a rapid demographic expansion. Some scientific strategies are suggested for resource conservation of  V. rotundifolia  based on its genetic diversity and population structure.

Genetic diversity and its conservation implications ofVitex rotundifolia(Lamiaceae) populations in East Asia