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Background  As the climate warms, many species of reptiles are at risk of habitat loss and ultimately extinction. Locations of suitable habitat in the past, present, and future were modeled for several lizard species using MaxEnt, incorporating climatic variables related to temperature and precipitation. In this study, we predict where there is currently suitable habitat for the genus  Pogona  and potential shifts in habitat suitability in the past and future.    Methods  Georeferenced occurrence records were obtained from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, climate variables (describing temperature and precipitation) were obtained from WorldClim, and a vegetation index was obtained from AVHRR satellite data. Matching climate variables were downloaded for three different past time periods (mid-Holocene, Last Glacial Maximum, and Last Interglacial) and two different future projections representative concentration pathways (RCPs 2.6 and 8.5). MaxEnt produced accuracy metrics, response curves, and probability surfaces. For each species, parameters were adjusted for the best possible output that was biologically informative.    Results  Model results predicted that in the past, there was little suitable habitat for  P. henrylawsoni  and  P. microlepidota  within the areas of their current range. Past areas of suitable habitat for  P. barbata  were predicted to be similar to the current prediction.  Pogona minor  and  P. nullarbor  were predicted to have had a more expansive range of suitable habitat in the past, which has reduced over time.  P. vitticeps  was predicted to have less suitable habitat in the past when examining the region of their known occurrence; however, there was predicted growth in suitable habitat in Western Australia. Both 2070 models predict a similar distribution of habitat; however, the model produced using the 2070 RCP 8.5 climate change projection showed a larger change, both in areas of suitable habitat gain and loss. In the future,  P. henrylawsoni  and  P. microlepidota  might gain suitable habitat, while the other four species could possibly suffer habitat loss.    Discussion  Based on the model results,  P. henrylawsoni  and  P. microlepidota  had minimal areas of suitable habitat during the Last Glacial Maximum, possibly due to changes in tolerance or data/model limitations, especially since genetic analyses for these species suggest a much earlier emergence. The predicted late Quaternary habitat results for all species of  Pogona  are conservative and should be compared to the fossil record which is not possible at the moment due to the current inability to identify fossil  Pogona  to the species level.  P. nullarbor  and  P. vitticeps  future models predict substantial habitat loss.  P. nullarbor  could potentially be considered vulnerable in the present since it already has a restricted range, and a conservation plan may need to be considered.

peerj

Niche modeling for the genus <i>Pogona</i> (Squamata: Agamidae) in Australia: predicting past (late Quaternary) and future (2070) areas of suitable habitat

Niche modeling for the genus Pogona (Squamata: Agamidae) in Australia: predicting past (late Quaternary) and future (2070) areas of suitable habitat