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A cervical vertebra of the large, pelagic pterodactyloid pterosaur  Pteranodon  sp. from the Late Cretaceous Niobrara Formation of Kansas, USA is significant for its association with a tooth from the large lamniform shark,  Cretoxyrhina mantelli . Though the tooth does not pierce the vertebral periosteum, the intimate association of the fossils—in which the tooth is wedged below the left prezygapophysis—suggests their preservation together was not mere chance, and the specimen is evidence of  Cretoxyrhina  biting  Pteranodon . It is not possible to infer whether the bite reflects predatory or scavenging behaviour from the preserved material. There are several records of  Pteranodon  having been consumed by other fish, including other sharks (specifically, the anacoracid  Squalicorax kaupi ), and multiple records of  Cretoxyrhina  biting other vertebrates of the Western Interior Seaway, but until now interactions between  Cretoxyrhina  and  Pteranodon  have remained elusive. The specimen increases the known interactions between large, pelagic, vertebrate carnivores of the Western Interior Seaway of North America during the Late Cretaceous, in addition to bolstering the relatively small fossil record representing pterosaurian interactions with other species.

Evidence for the Cretaceous sharkCretoxyrhina mantellifeeding on the pterosaurPteranodonfrom the Niobrara Formation