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Coptoformica  Müller, 1923 is a subgenus of  Formica  Linnaeus, 1758 that consists of c. a dozen species of ants that typically inhabit open grassy habitats and build small nest mounds. The most recent addition to the group is  Formica fennica  Seifert, 2000. The description was based on morphological characters, but the species status has not been confirmed by molecular methods. In this study, we use thirteen DNA microsatellite markers and a partial mitochondrial COI gene sequence to assess the species status of  F. fennica , by comparing the genetic variation among samples identified as  F. fennica  and six other boreal  Formica (Coptoformica)  species. Most of the species studied form separate, discontinuous clusters in phylogenetic and spatial analyses with only little intraspecific genetic variation. However, both nuclear and mitochondrial markers fail to separate the species pair  F. exsecta  Nylander, 1846 and  F. fennica  despite established morphological differences. The genetic variation within the  F. exsecta/fennica  group is extensive, but reflects spatial rather than morphological differences. Finnish  F. fennica  populations studied so far should not be considered a separate species, but merely a morph of  F. exsecta .

Genetic analysis reveals FinnishFormica fennicapopulations do not form a separate genetic entity fromF. exsecta