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Background  Long-bodied sphaerodorids (Annelida, Sphaerodoridae) is the common name for members of the three closely and morphologically homogenous currently accepted genera of benthic marine bristle worms:  Ephesiella ,  Ephesiopsis  and  Sphaerodorum . Members of this group share the presence of two dorsal and longitudinal rows of macrotubercles with terminal papillae, and two longitudinal rows of microtubercles, features that are unique among sphaerodorids. Genera are distinguished by the chaetae morphology. Members of  Ephesiella  are characterised by having compound chaetae (except, sometimes, simple chaetae in the first chaetigers),  Sphaerodorum  bear only simple chaetae, and  Ephesiopsis  have both compound and simple chaetae in all parapodia.    Methods  Mitochondrial (partial COI and 16S rDNA) and nuclear (partial 18S rDNA and 28S rDNA) sequence data of long-bodied sphaerodorids with compound and simple chaetae, and an outgroup of additional seven sphaerodorid species were analysed separately and in combination using Bayesian inference (BA), and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods. Long-bodied sphaerodorids from around the world (including type specimens) were examined under a range of optical equipment in order to evaluate putative generic and specific diagnostic features, in addition to intraspecific variability.    Results  Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences of specimens identified as  Ephesiella  and  Sphaerodorum,  based on chaeta morphology, were performed.  Sphaerodorum  and  Ephesiella  were recovered as paraphyletic and nested within each other. Revision of current nominal species diagnostic features are performed and discussed.    Discussion  Results contradict current generic definitions. Recovery of paraphyletic compound and simple chaetae clades urge the synonymization of these two genera of long-bodied sphaerodorids. Morphological data also suggest the synonymization of  Ephesiopsis .

peerj

Three, two, one! Revision of the long-bodied sphaerodorids (Sphaerodoridae, Annelida) and synonymization ofEphesiella,EphesiopsisandSphaerodorum