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Background  Gastropods of the genus  Provanna  are abundant and widely distributed in deep-sea chemosynthetic environments with seven extant species described in the northwestern Pacific.    Methods  We investigated the population history and connectivity of five  Provanna  species in the northwestern Pacific through population genetic analyses using partial sequences of the cytochrome  c  oxidase subunit I gene.    Results  We found that  P. subglabra , the most abundant and genetically diverse species, is genetically segregated by depth. Among the five species, the three comparatively shallower species ( P. lucida, P. kuroshimensis, P. glabra ) had a more constant demographic history compared to the deeper species ( P. subglabra ,  P.  clathrata ).    Discussion  Environmental differences, especially depth, appears to have a role in the segregation of  Provanna  snails. The population of  P. clathrata  in the Irabu Knoll appears to have expanded after  P. subglabra  population. The remaining three species,  P. lucida ,  P. kuroshimensis , and  P. glabra , are only known from a single site each, all of which were shallower than 1,000 m. These data indicate that  Provanna  gastropods are vertically segregated, and that their population characteristics likely depend on hydrothermal activities.

Population history of deep-sea vent and seepProvannasnails (Mollusca: Abyssochrysoidea) in the northwestern Pacific