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Background   Bt  crops will face a new ecological risk of reduced effectiveness against target-insect pests owing to the general decrease in exogenous-toxin content in  Bt  crops grown under elevated carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). The method chosen to deal with this issue may affect the sustainability of transgenic crops as an effective pest management tool, especially under future atmospheric CO 2  level raising.    Methods  In this study, rhizobacterias, as being one potential biological regulator to enhance nitrogen utilization efficiency of crops, was selected and the effects of  Bt  maize (Line IE09S034 with  Cry1Ie  vs. its parental line of non- Bt  maize Xianyu 335) infected by  Azospirillum brasilense  (AB) and  Azotobacter chroococcum  (AC) on the development and food utilization of the target  Mythimna separate  under ambient and double-ambient CO 2  in open-top chambers from 2016 to 2017.    Results  The results indicated that rhizobacteria infection significantly increased the larval life-span, pupal duration, relative consumption rate and approximate digestibility of  M. separata , and significantly decreased the pupation rate, pupal weight, adult longevity, fecundity, relative growth rate, efficiency of conversion of digested food and efficiency of conversion of ingested food of  M. separata  fed on  Bt  maize, while here were opposite trends in development and food utilization of  M. separata  fed on non- Bt  maize infected with AB and AC compared with the control buffer in 2016 and 2017 regardless of CO 2  level.    Discussion  Simultaneously, elevated CO 2  and  Bt  maize both had negative influence on the development and food utilization of  M. separata . Presumably, CO 2  concentration arising in future significantly can increase their intake of food and harm to maize crop; however,  Bt  maize infected with rhizobacterias can reduce the field hazards from  M. separata  and the application of rhizobacteria infection can enhance the resistance of  Bt  maize against target lepidoptera pests especially under elevated CO 2 .

peerj

Influence of elevated CO2 on development and food utilization of armyworm Mythimna separata fed on transgenic Bt maize infected by nitrogen-fixing bacteria