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A seven-year long, two-factorial experiment using elevated temperatures (5 °C) and CO 2  (concentration doubled compared to ambient conditions) designed to test the effects of global climate change on plant community composition was set up in a Subarctic ecosystem in northernmost Sweden. Using point-frequency analyses in permanent plots, an increased abundance of the deciduous  Vaccinium myrtillus , the evergreens  V. vitis-idaea  and  Empetrum nigrum  ssp.  hermaphroditum  and the grass  Avenella flexuosa  was found in plots with elevated temperatures. We also observed a possibly transient community shift in the warmed plots, from the vegetation being dominated by the deciduous  V. myrtillus  to the evergreen  V. vitis-idaea . This happened as a combined effect of  V. myrtillus  being heavily grazed during two events of herbivore attack—one vole outbreak ( Clethrionomys rufocanus ) followed by a more severe moth ( Epirrita autumnata ) outbreak that lasted for two growing seasons—producing a window of opportunity for  V. vitis-idaea  to utilize the extra light available as the abundance of  V. myrtillus  decreased, while at the same time benefitting from the increased growth in the warmed plots .  Even though the effect of the herbivore attacks did not differ between treatments they may have obscured any additional treatment effects. This long-term study highlights that also the effects of stochastic herbivory events need to be accounted for when predicting future plant community changes.

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Changes in species abundance after seven years of elevated atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> and warming in a Subarctic birch forest understorey, as modified by rodent and moth outbreaks

Changes in species abundance after seven years of elevated atmospheric CO2 and warming in a Subarctic birch forest understorey, as modified by rodent and moth outbreaks

Changes in species abundance after seven years of elevated atmospheric CO₂ and warming in a Subarctic birch forest understorey, as modified by rodent and moth outbreaks