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Background  The pycnodontiform fish  Pycnodus  is one of the representatives of the highly diverse actinopterygian fish fauna from the early Eocene Bolca Lagerstätte, representing one of the youngest and thus last occurrences of this extinct neopterygian clade. This genus has historically been used as a wastebasket taxon in regards to poorly known pycnodontiform fossils. Authors have argued over the specific status of the Bolca Lagerstätte  Pycnodus  in terms of how many species are contained within the genus with some arguing for multiple species and others suggesting lumping all Bolca specimens together into one species.    Methods  Here, we use a quantitative approach performing biometric and geometric morphometric analyses on 52 specimens of  Pycnodus  in order to determine if the morphological variability within the sample might be related to inter- or intraspecific variation.    Results  The analyses revealed that the variations of body shape, morphometric and meristic characters cannot be used to distinguish different morphotypes. On the contrary, our results show a remarkable link between shape and size, related to ontogeny.    Discussion  Differences in body shape of small (juvenile) and large (adult) individuals is probably related to different microhabitats occupation on the Bolca reef with juveniles sheltering within crevices on the reef and adults being more powerful swimmers that swim above the coral. Taxonomically, we suggest that the Bolca  Pycnodus  should be referred to strictly as  Pycnodus apodus  as this was the name given to the holotype. Additionally, an overview of species assigned to  Pycnodus  is given.

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A quantitative approach to determine the taxonomic identity and ontogeny of the pycnodontiform fish<i>Pycnodus</i>(Neopterygii, Actinopterygii) from the Eocene of Bolca Lagerstätte, Italy

A quantitative approach to determine the taxonomic identity and ontogeny of the pycnodontiform fishPycnodus(Neopterygii, Actinopterygii) from the Eocene of Bolca Lagerstätte, Italy