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Colobanthus apetalus  is a member of the genus  Colobanthus , one of the 86 genera of the large family Caryophyllaceae which groups annual and perennial herbs (rarely shrubs) that are widely distributed around the globe, mainly in the Holarctic. The genus  Colobanthus  consists of 25 species, including  Colobanthus quitensis , an extremophile plant native to the maritime Antarctic. Complete chloroplast (cp) genomes are useful for phylogenetic studies and species identification. In this study, next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to identify the cp genome of  C. apetalus.  The complete cp genome of  C. apetalus  has the length of 151,228 bp, 36.65% GC content, and a quadripartite structure with a large single copy (LSC) of 83,380 bp and a small single copy (SSC) of 17,206 bp separated by inverted repeats (IRs) of 25,321 bp. The cp genome contains 131 genes, including 112 unique genes and 19 genes which are duplicated in the IRs. The group of 112 unique genes features 73 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, four rRNA genes and five conserved chloroplast open reading frames (ORFs). A total of 12 forward repeats, 10 palindromic repeats, five reverse repeats and three complementary repeats were detected. In addition, a simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis revealed 41 (mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexanucleotide) SSRs, most of which were AT-rich. A detailed comparison of  C. apetalus  and  C. quitensis  cp genomes revealed identical gene content and order. A phylogenetic tree was built based on the sequences of 76 protein-coding genes that are shared by the eleven sequenced representatives of Caryophyllaceae and  C. apetalus,  and it revealed that  C. apetalus  and  C. quitensis  form a clade that is closely related to  Silene  species and  Agrostemma githago . Moreover, the genus  Silene  appeared as a polymorphic taxon. The results of this study expand our knowledge about the evolution and molecular biology of Caryophyllaceae.

The complete chloroplast genome ofColobanthus apetalus(Labill.) Druce: genome organization and comparison with related species