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The genus  Liolaemus  comprises more than 260 species and can be divided in two subgenera:  Eulaemus  and  Liolaemus sensu stricto . In this paper, we present a phylogenetic analysis, divergence times, and ancestral distribution ranges of the  Liolaemus alticolor-bibronii  group ( Liolaemus sensu stricto  subgenus). We inferred a total evidence phylogeny combining molecular ( Cytb  and  12S  genes) and morphological characters using Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference. Divergence times were calculated using Bayesian MCMC with an uncorrelated lognormal distributed relaxed clock, calibrated with a fossil record. Ancestral ranges were estimated using the Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis (DEC-Lagrange). Effects of some  a priori  parameters of DEC were also tested. Distribution ranged from central Perú to southern Argentina, including areas at sea level up to the high Andes. The  L. alticolor-bibronii  group was recovered as monophyletic, formed by two clades:  L. walkeri  and  L. gracilis , the latter can be split in two groups. Additionally, many species candidates were recognized. We estimate that the  L. alticolor-bibronii  group diversified 14.5 Myr ago, during the Middle Miocene. Our results suggest that the ancestor of the  Liolaemus alticolor-bibronii  group was distributed in a wide area including Patagonia and Puna highlands. The speciation pattern follows the South-North Diversification Hypothesis, following the Andean uplift.

Phylogeny, time divergence, and historical biogeography of the South AmericanLiolaemus alticolor-bibroniigroup (Iguania: Liolaemidae)