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Extremes in climate, such as heat waves and drought, are expected to become more frequent and intense with forecasted climate change. Plant species will almost certainly differ in their responses to these stressors. We experimentally imposed a heat wave and drought in the tallgrass prairie ecosystem near Manhattan, Kansas, USA to assess transcriptional responses of two ecologically important C 4  grass species,  Andropogon gerardii  and  Sorghastrum nutans . Based on previous research, we expected that  S. nutans  would regulate more genes, particularly those related to stress response, under high heat and drought. Across all treatments,  S. nutans  showed greater expression of negative regulatory and catabolism genes while  A. gerardii  upregulated cellular and protein metabolism. As predicted,  S. nutans  showed greater sensitivity to water stress, particularly with downregulation of non-coding RNAs and upregulation of water stress and catabolism genes.  A. gerardii  was less sensitive to drought ,  although  A. gerardii  tended to respond with upregulation in response to drought versus  S. nutans  which downregulated more genes under drier conditions. Surprisingly,  A. gerardii  only showed minimal gene expression response to increased temperature, while  S. nutans  showed no response. Gene functional annotation suggested that these two species may respond to stress via different mechanisms. Specifically,  A. gerardii  tends to maintain molecular function while  S. nutans  prioritizes avoidance.  Sorghastrum nutans  may strategize abscisic acid response and catabolism to respond rapidly to stress. These results have important implications for success of these two important grass species under a more variable and extreme climate forecast for the future.

Codominant grasses differ in gene expression under experimental climate extremes in native tallgrass prairie