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Background  The corallum is crucial in building coral reefs and in diagnosing systematic relationships in the order Scleractinia. However, molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed a paraphyly in a majority of traditional families and genera among Scleractinia showing that other biological attributes of the coral, such as polyp morphology and reproductive traits, are underutilized. Among scleractinian genera, the  Euphyllia , with nine nominal species in the Indo-Pacific region, is one of the groups that await phylogenetic resolution. Multiple genetic markers were used to construct the phylogeny of six  Euphyllia  species, namely  E. ancora, E. divisa, E. glabrescens, E. paraancora, E. paradivisa,  and  E. yaeyamaensis.  The phylogeny guided the inferences on the contributions of the colony structure, polyp morphology, and life history traits to the systematics of the largest genus in Euphyllidae (clade V) and, by extension, to the rest of clade V.    Results  Analyses of cytochrome oxidase 1 ( cox1 ), cytochrome b ( cytb ), and β-tubulin genes of 36 colonies representing  Euphyllia  and a confamilial species,  Galaxea fascicularis,  reveal two distinct groups in the  Euphyllia  that originated from different ancestors.  Euphyllia glabrescens  formed a separate group.  Euphyllia ancora, E. divisa, E. paraancora, E. paradivisa,  and  E. yaeyamaensis  clustered together and diverged from the same ancestor as  G. fascicularis.  The 3′-end of the  cox1  gene of  Euphyllia  was able to distinguish morphospecies.    Discussion  Species of  Euphyllia  were traditionally classified into two subgenera,  Euphyllia  and  Fimbriaphyllia,  which represented a dichotomy on colony structure. The paraphyletic groups retained the original members of the subgenera providing a strong basis for recognizing  Fimbriaphyllia  as a genus. However, colony structure was found to be a convergent trait between  Euphyllia  and  Fimbriaphyllia,  while polyp shape and length, sexuality, and reproductive mode defined the dichotomy better. Species in a genus are distinguished by combining polyp morphology and colony form. The cluster of  E. glabrescens  of the  Euphyllia  group is a hermaphroditic brooder with long, tubular tentacles with knob-like tips, and a phaceloid colony structure. The  Fimbriaphyllia  group, with  F. paraancora, F. paradivisa, F. ancora, F. divisa,  and  F. yaeyamaensis,  are gonochoric broadcast spawners with short polyps, mixed types of tentacle shapes, and a phaceloid or flabello-meandroid skeleton. Soft-tissue morphology of  G. fascicularis  and  Ctenella chagius  were found to be consistent with the dichotomy.    Conclusions  The paraphyly of the original members of the previous subgenera justify recognizing  Fimbriaphyllia  as a genus. The integrated approach demonstrates that combining polyp features, reproductive traits, and skeletal morphology is of high systematic value not just to  Euphyllia  and  Fimbriaphyllia  but also to clade V; thus, laying the groundwork for resolving the phylogeny of clade V.

Resurrecting a subgenus to genus: molecular phylogeny ofEuphylliaandFimbriaphyllia(order Scleractinia; family Euphyllidae; clade V)