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Background  Yeasts are a necessary requisite in the diet of most  Drosophila  species that, in turn, may vector their dispersal in natural environments. Differential attractiveness experiments and the isolation of yeasts consumed by  Drosophila  may be informative for characterizing this association.  Hanseniaspora uvarum  is among the most common yeast species isolated from  Drosophila  crops, with high attractiveness to drosophilids.  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  has been widely used to collect flies, and it allows broad sampling of almost all local  Drosophila  species. Pronounced differences in the field concerning  Drosophila  attractivity to baits seeded with these yeast species have been previously reported. However, few explicit generalizations have been set. Since late fifties, no field experiments of  Drosophila  attractivity were carried out in the Neotropical region, which is facing shifts in abiotic and biotic factors. Our objective is to characterize preference behavior that mediates the interaction in the wild among Neotropical  Drosophila  species and yeasts associated with them. We want to set a broad generalization about drosophilids attracted to these yeasts. Here we present the results of a differential attractiveness experiment we carried out in a natural Atlantic Rainforest fragment to assess the preferences of  Drosophila  species groups to baits inoculated with  H. uvarum  and  S. cerevisiae .    Methods  Both yeast species were cultured in GYMP broth and separately poured in autoclaved mashed banana that was left fermenting. In the field, we collected drosophilids over five arrays of three different baits: non-inoculated autoclaved banana and banana inoculated with each yeast. In the laboratory the drosophilids were sorted to five sets according to their external morphology and/or genitalia:  tripunctata ;  guarani ;  willistoni ;  exotic ; and the remaining flies pooled in  others .    Results and Conclusions  Uninoculated banana baits attracted virtually no flies. We found significant departures from random distribution over the other two baits (1:1 proportion) for all sets, except the pooled  others . Flies of the sets  willistoni  and  exotic  preferred  H .  uvarum  over  S .  cerevisiae,  while the remaining sets were more attracted to  S .  cerevisiae . Previously, various authors reported similar patterns in attraction experiments with  S .  cerevisiae  and  H .  uvarum . It is also noteworthy that both yeast species have been isolated from natural substrates and crops of  Drosophila  species. Taken together, these results suggest that the preferences among  Drosophila  species groups may be reflecting deep and stable relations with yeast species in natural environments. They can be summarized as: forest dwelling species from subgenus  Drosophila  (such as  tripunctata  and  guarani  groups) are attracted to banana baits seeded with  S .  cerevisiae ; while exotic (as  D. melanogaster ) and subgenus  Sophophora  species are preferentially attracted to baits seeded with  H .  uvarum .

peerj

Differential attraction of drosophilids to banana baits inoculated with<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>and<i>Hanseniaspora uvarum</i>within a Neotropical forest remnant

Differential attraction of drosophilids to banana baits inoculated withSaccharomyces cerevisiaeandHanseniaspora uvarumwithin a Neotropical forest remnant