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Based on specimens previously identified as  Tropidostoma , a new taxon of dicynodont ( Bulbasaurus phylloxyron  gen. et sp. nov.) from the Karoo Basin of South Africa is described.  Bulbasaurus  is a medium-sized dicynodont (maximum dorsal skull length 16.0 cm) restricted to the  Tropidostoma  Assemblage Zone (early Lopingian) of the Beaufort Group.  Bulbasaurus  can be distinguished from  Tropidostoma  by an array of characters including the presence of a tall, sharp premaxillary ridge, large, rugose, nearly-confluent nasal bosses, a nasofrontal ridge, massive tusks, robust pterygoids, prominently twisted subtemporal bar, and absence of a distinct postfrontal. Inclusion of  Bulbasaurus  in a phylogenetic analysis of anomodont therapsids recovers it as a member of Geikiidae, a clade of otherwise later Permian dicynodonts such as  Aulacephalodon  and  Pelanomodon .  Bulbasaurus  exhibits many of the characters typical of adult  Aulacephalodon , but at substantially smaller skull size (these characters are absent in comparably-sized  Aulacephalodon  juveniles), suggesting that the evolution of typical geikiid morphology preceded gigantism in the clade.  Bulbasaurus  is the earliest known geikiid and the only member of the group known from the  Tropidostoma  Assemblage Zone; discovery of this taxon shortens a perplexing ghost lineage and indicates that abundant clades from the later Permian of South Africa (e.g., Geikiidae, Dicynodontoidea) may have originated as rare components of earlier Karoo assemblage zones.

An early geikiid dicynodont from theTropidostomaAssemblage Zone (late Permian) of South Africa