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We describe three new species of minute salamanders, genus  Thorius , from the Sierra Madre del Sur of Oaxaca, Mexico. Until now only a single species,  T. minutissimus , has been reported from this region, although molecular data have long shown extensive genetic differentiation among geographically disjunct populations. Adult  Thorius pinicola  sp. nov.,  T. longicaudus  sp. nov., and  T. tlaxiacus  sp. nov. are larger than  T. minutissimus  and possess elliptical rather than oval nostrils;  T. pinicola  and  T. longicaudus  also have longer tails. All three new species occur west of the range of  T. minutissimus , which has the easternmost distribution of any member of the genus. The new species are distinguished from each other and from other named  Thorius  in Oaxaca by a combination of adult body size, external morphology and osteology, and by protein characters (allozymes) and differences in DNA sequences. In addition, we redescribe  T. minutissimus  and a related species,  T. narisovalis , to further clarify the taxonomic status of Oaxacan populations and to facilitate future studies of the remaining genetically differentiated  Thorius  that cannot be satisfactorily assigned to any named species. Populations of all five species considered here appear to have declined dramatically over the last one or two decades and live specimens are difficult to find in nature.  Thorius  may be the most endangered genus of amphibians in the world. All species may go extinct before the end of this century.

Biology of tiny animals: three new species of minute salamanders (Plethodontidae:Thorius) from Oaxaca, Mexico