The origin of the lower fourth molar in canids, inferred by individual variation

Background An increase in tooth number is an exception during mammalian evolution. The acquisition of the lower fourth molar in the bat-eared fox ( Otocyon megalotis , Canidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) is one example; however, its developmental origin is not clear. In some canids (Canidae), individual variation exist as supernumerary molar M 4 . This study focuses on the acquisition of the lower fourth molar in canids and proposes that the inhibitory cascade model can explain its origin. Methods Occlusal view projected area of lower molars was determined from 740 mandibles obtained from Canis latrans , Nyctereutes procyonoides , and Urocyon cinereoargenteus museum specimens. For each molar, relative sizes of molars (M 2 /M 1 and M 3 /M 1 scores) affected by inhibition/activation dynamics during development, were compared between individuals with and without supernumerary molar (M 4 ). Results Possession of a supernumerary molar was associated with significantly larger M 2 /M 1 score in Canis latrans , M 3 /M 1 score in Nyctereutes procyonoides , and M 2 /M 1 and M 3 /M 1 scores in Urocyon cinereoargenteus compared to individuals of these species that lacked supernumerary molars. Discussion We propose that, in canids, the supernumerary fourth molar is attributable to reduced inhibition and greater activation during molar development. In the bat-eared fox, altered inhibition and activation dynamics of dental development during omnivorous-insectivorous adaptation may be a contributing factor in the origin of the lower fourth molar.