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Perennials and annuals apply different strategies to adapt to the adverse environment, based on ‘tolerance’ and ‘avoidance’, respectively. To understand lifespan evolution and its impact on plant adaptability, we carried out a comparative study of perennials and annuals in the genus  Veronica  from a phylogenetic perspective. The results showed that ancestors of the genus  Veronica were likely to be perennial plants. Annual life history of  Veronica  has evolved multiple times and subtrees with more annual species have a higher substitution rate. Annuals can adapt to more xeric habitats than perennials. This indicates that annuals are more drought-resistant than their perennial relatives. Due to adaptation to similar selective pressures, parallel evolution occurs in morphological characters among annual species of  Veronica .

Evolution of morphological and climatic adaptations inVeronica L.(Plantaginaceae)