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Little is known of the diversity of the monogenean parasites infesting deep-sea groupers, and there is even less information available about their geographic distributions within the ranges of their hosts. To improve our understanding of these host-parasite relationships we conducted parasitological evaluations of the deep-water Haifa grouper  Hyporthodus haifensis  from the southern Mediterranean off Tunisia and Libya. We collected more than one species of diplectanid monogeneans from this host, but among these only one dominant species was abundant. This proved to be morphologically very similar to  Pseudorhabdosynochus sulamericanus  Santos, Buchmann & Gibson, 2000, a species originally described from the congeneric host  H. niveatus  off Brazil and also recorded from  H. niveatus  and  H. nigritus  off Florida. Here, we conducted a morphological comparison between newly collected specimens and those previously deposited in museum collections by other authors. Further, we used COI barcoding to ascertain the specific identity of the three host species to better elucidate the circumstances that might explain the unexpectedly broad distribution of  P. sulamericanus . We assigned our specimens from  H. haifensis  to  P. sulamericanus  primarily on the basis of morphological characteristics of the sclerotized vagina. We also noted morphological characteristics of eastern and western Atlantic specimens that are not clearly described or not given in previous descriptions and so prepared a redescription of the species. We confirmed, by COI barcoding, that no sister-species relationships were evident among the three hosts of  P. sulamericanus . Our observation that  P. sulamericanus  infects unrelated host species with putatively allopatric distributions was unexpected given the very limited dispersive capabilities and the high degree of host specificity common to members of  Pseudorhabdosynochus.  This transatlantic distribution raises questions with regard to phylogeography and assumptions about the allopatry of Atlantic grouper species from the Americas and Afro-Eurasia. Here, we propose some hypothetical explanations for our findings.

peerj

<i>Pseudorhabdosynochus sulamericanus</i>(Monogenea, Diplectanidae), a parasite of deep-sea groupers (Serranidae) occurs transatlantically on three congeneric hosts (<i>Hyporthodus</i>spp.), one from the Mediterranean Sea and two from the western Atlantic

Pseudorhabdosynochus sulamericanus(Monogenea, Diplectanidae), a parasite of deep-sea groupers (Serranidae) occurs transatlantically on three congeneric hosts (Hyporthodusspp.), one from the Mediterranean Sea and two from the western Atlantic